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中考物理知识点|初中物理摩擦力知识公式计算与易错知识点

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-06-19 07:05:00

  行驶的汽车,刹车后为什么能很快停下了?这是因为,汽车在刹车时,刹车片有一个阻碍车轮旋转的力,这个力是摩擦力。关于初中物理的摩擦力知识,小编在这里整理了相关资料,希望能帮助到您。

  1摩擦力的概念

  两个相互接触的物体,当它们发生相对运动或具有相对运动的趋势时,就会在接触面上产生阻碍相对运动的力,这种力就叫做摩擦力.

  2摩擦力产生的条件

  10102;物体间相互接触并挤压;

  10103;接触面粗糙;

  10104;物体间有相对运动或相对运动趋势。

  3摩擦力方向

  摩擦力是阻碍相对运动的力,所以摩擦力方向与相对运动方向或相对运动趋势方向相反。

  滑动摩擦力:与相对运动方向相反

  静摩擦力:与相对运动趋势方向相反

  怎样正确判断出摩擦力的方向呢?只需四步即可。

  ①明确摩擦力的施力物体和受力物体;

  ②选择施力物体为参照物;

  ③判断受力物体相对施力物体的运动方向或运动趋势方向;

  ④用相反确定摩擦力的方向。

  判断摩擦力方向时,要正确判断出谁是施力物体,谁是受力物体。人走路时,摩擦力是产生于脚(鞋)和地面之间,不是人和地面之间。人相对于地面向前运动,但是摩擦力方向并不是向后。

  注意:摩擦力方向不是与物体运动方向相反,而是与物体相对运动方向相反。

  4摩擦力的大小

  ⑴滑动摩擦力的大小:可使用弹簧测力计测量

  如图,用弹簧测力计水平拉动木块,使它沿着长木板做匀速直线运动。根据二力平衡(下一章中将重点讲述)知识,可知弹簧测力计对木块的拉力大小等于木块受到的摩擦力,即F=f。

  ⑵静摩擦力的大小:根据平衡力知识判断

  当你爬杆到某处静止时,受到的摩擦力和重力是一对平衡力,故摩擦力与重力大小相等,即f=G。

  如果是匀速向上爬或匀速下滑的时候,摩擦力和重力大小还相等吗?无论是静止、匀速上爬,还是匀速下滑,均属于平衡状态。所以,摩擦力与重力是一对平衡力,大小相等。

  初中物理易错知识整理

  1.匀速直线运动的速度一定不变。只要是匀速直线运动,则速度一定是一个定值。

  2.平均速度只能是总路程除以总时间。求某段路上的平均速度,不是速度的平均值,只能是总路程除以这段路程上花费的所有时间,包含中间停的时间。

  3.密度不是一定不变的。密度是物质的属性,和质量体积无关,但和温度有关,尤其是气体密度跟随温度的变化比较明显。

  4.天平读数时,游码要看左侧,移动游码相当于在天平右盘中加减砝码。

  5.受力分析的步骤:确定研究对象;找重力;找接触物体;判断和接触物体之间是否有压力、支持力、摩擦力、拉力等其它力。

  6.平衡力和相互作用力的区别:平衡力作用在一个物体上,相互作用力作用在两个物体上。

  7.物体运动状态改变一定受到了力,受力不一定改变运动状态。力是改变物体运动状态的原因。受力也包含受包含受平衡力,此时运动状态就不变。

  8.惯性大小和速度无关。惯性大小只跟质量有关。速度越大只能说明物体动能大,能够做的功越多,并不是惯性越大。

  9.惯性是属性不是力。不能说受到,只能说具有。

  10.物体受平衡力物体处于平衡状态(静止或匀速直线运动)。这两个可以相互推导。物体受非平衡力:若合力和运动方向一致,物体做加速运动,反之,做减速运动。

  11.1Kg≠9.8N。两个不同的物理量只能用公式进行变换。

  12.月球上弹簧测力计、天平都可以使用,太空失重状态下天平不能使用而弹簧测力计还可以测拉力等除重力以外的其它力。

  13.压力增大摩擦力不一定增大。滑动摩擦力跟压力有关,但静摩擦力跟压力无关,只跟和它平衡的力有关。

  14.两个物体接触不一定发生力的作用。还要看有没有挤压,相对运动等条件。

  15.摩擦力和接触面的粗糙程度有关,压强和接触面积的大小有关。

  16.杠杆调平:左高左调;天平调平:指针偏左右调。两侧的平衡螺母调节方向一样。

  17.动滑轮一定省一半力。只有沿竖直或水平方向拉,才能省一半力。

  18.画力臂的方法:一找支点(杠杆上固定不动的点),二画力的作用线(把力延长或反向延长),三连距离(过支点,做力的作用线的垂线)、四标字母。

  19.动力最小,力臂应该最大。力臂最大做法:在杠杆上找一点,使这一点到支点的距离最远。

  20.压强的受力面积是接触面积,单位是m2。注意接触面积是一个还是多个,更要注意单位换算:1cm2=10-4m2

  21.液体压强跟液柱的粗细和形状无关,只跟液体的深度有关。深度是指液面到液体内某一点的距离,不是高度。

  固体压强先运用F=G计算压力,再运用P=F/S计算压强,液体压强先运用P=ρgh计算压强,再运用F=PS计算压力(注意单位,对于柱体则两种方法可以通用)

  22.托里拆利实验水银柱的高度差和管子的粗细倾斜等因素无关,只跟当时的大气压有关。

  23.浮力和深度无关,只跟物体浸在液体中的体积有关。浸没时V排=V物,没有浸没时V排求浮力要首先看物体的状态:若漂浮或悬浮则直接根据F浮=G计算,若有弹簧测力计测可以根据F浮=G-F拉计算,若知道密度和体积则根据F浮=ρgv计算。

  24.有力不一定做功。有力有距离,并且力距离要对应才做功。

  25.简单机械的机械效率不是固定不变的。滑轮组的机械效率除了跟动滑轮的重力有关外还跟所提升物体的重力有关,物体越重,拉力也越大,机械效率越高,但动滑轮的重力不变。

  26.物体匀速水平运动时,动能和势能不一定不变。此时还要考虑物体的质量是否发生变化,例如洒水车,投救灾物资的飞机。

  27.机械能守恒时,动能最大,势能最小。可以由容易分析的高度和形变大小先判断势能,再判断动能的变化。

  28.分子间的引力和斥力是同时存在,同时增大和减小。只是在不同的变化过程中,引力和斥力的变化快慢不一样,导致最后引力和斥力的大小不一样,最终表现为引力或斥力。

  29.分子间引力和大气压力的区别:分子力凡是相互吸引的都是因为分子间有引力,但如果伴随着空气被排出或大气压强的变化则说明是大气压力。例:两块玻璃沾水后合在一起分不开是大气压力,水面上提起玻璃弹簧测力计示数变小是因为分子间有引力。

  30.物体内能增大,温度不一定升高(晶体熔化,液化沸腾);物体内能增加,不一定是热传递(还可以是做功);物体吸热,内能一定增加;物体吸热温度不一定升高(晶体熔化,液体沸腾);物体温度升高,内能不一定升高(还和物体的质量等因素有关);物体温度升高,不一定是热传递(还可以是做功)。

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